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ROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms’ adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. The aim of this Special Issue is to underline the effects of ROS production and antioxidant treatment in living organisms, focusing on their impact on health, disease, and aging.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- CTCL --- apoptosis --- cell viability --- c-FLIP --- XIAP --- artemisinin --- SH-SY5Y cells --- hippocampal neurons --- H2O2 --- AMPK pathway --- atherosclerosis --- sphingomyelin synthase 2 --- endothelial dysfunction --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- β-catenin --- insulin resistance --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- neurodegenerative disorders --- exercise --- mitochondria --- oxidative stress --- PGC-1 --- Nrf2 --- UCPs --- ROS --- light --- DNA damage --- evolution --- D-box --- cavefish --- Spalax --- trimethylamine N-oxide --- cardiomyocytes --- cardiotoxicity --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CORM-2 --- NADPH oxidase --- AP-1 --- HO-1 --- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glutathione (GSH) metabolism --- cancer therapy --- clear cell RCC --- papillary RCC --- chromophobe RCC --- sarcopenia --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- antioxidant supplementation --- protein aggregation --- redox --- proteinopathy --- peroxiredoxins --- tumorigenesis --- ROS scavengers --- n/a

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ROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms’ adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. The aim of this Special Issue is to underline the effects of ROS production and antioxidant treatment in living organisms, focusing on their impact on health, disease, and aging.

CTCL --- apoptosis --- cell viability --- c-FLIP --- XIAP --- artemisinin --- SH-SY5Y cells --- hippocampal neurons --- H2O2 --- AMPK pathway --- atherosclerosis --- sphingomyelin synthase 2 --- endothelial dysfunction --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- β-catenin --- insulin resistance --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- neurodegenerative disorders --- exercise --- mitochondria --- oxidative stress --- PGC-1 --- Nrf2 --- UCPs --- ROS --- light --- DNA damage --- evolution --- D-box --- cavefish --- Spalax --- trimethylamine N-oxide --- cardiomyocytes --- cardiotoxicity --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CORM-2 --- NADPH oxidase --- AP-1 --- HO-1 --- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glutathione (GSH) metabolism --- cancer therapy --- clear cell RCC --- papillary RCC --- chromophobe RCC --- sarcopenia --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- antioxidant supplementation --- protein aggregation --- redox --- proteinopathy --- peroxiredoxins --- tumorigenesis --- ROS scavengers --- n/a

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This Special Issue of Cancers focuses on new advances in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, both surgical and pharmacological (and combinations of these), and novel approaches to tackle treatment resistance and improve our understanding of this phenomenon.

Medicine --- renal cell carcinoma --- autophagy --- hydroxychloroquine --- chloroquine --- ROC-325 --- cysteine cathepsins --- cysteine cathepsin inhibitors --- lysosome --- renal cancer --- metastatic renal cell carcinoma --- immune-based combination therapies --- network meta-analysis --- PD-L1 --- predictive --- biomarker --- treatment --- TKIs --- mRCC --- biomarkers --- soluble factors --- immunotherapy --- renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- sunitib resistance --- artesunate (ART) --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- growth inhibition --- ferroptosis --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- ccRCC --- RCC --- kidney cancer --- evolution --- evolutionary trajectory --- metastatic --- second line therapy --- renal cell cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- individualization --- genomic signature --- transcriptomic analysis

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This book systematically illustrates the dynamic mechanical behaviors and discusses the fundamentals of the constitutive modeling of roller-compacted concrete (RCC), influenced by the construction technique and mix design. Four typical problems are analyzed using laboratory tests, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, i.e., to illustrate the special dynamic mechanical behaviors of RCC, to reveal the dynamic size-dependence of mechanical properties, to discuss the aggregate size effect on dynamic mechanical properties, and to modify the dynamic constitutive model for RCC. Generally, the constitutive modeling of RCC needs a comprehensive understanding of dynamic size-dependence and aggregate size effect of concrete that coupled with the strain-rate sensitivity. So that, readers can master the modified dynamic constitutive model of RCC to analyze and solve the problems in blast-resistance analysis and protective design of RCC dams. This book can be used as a postgraduate textbook for civil and hydraulic engineering in colleges and universities, and as an elective course for senior undergraduates. It can also be used as a reference for relevant professional scientific researchers and engineers in field of protective design of concrete structures.

Rock mechanics. --- Soil mechanics. --- Foundations. --- Engineering geology. --- Soil and Rock Mechanics. --- Foundation Engineering. --- Engineering --- Civil engineering --- Geology, Economic --- Architecture --- Building --- Structural engineering --- Underground construction --- Caissons --- Earthwork --- Masonry --- Soil consolidation --- Soil mechanics --- Walls --- Soil engineering --- Soils --- Soils (Engineering) --- Geotechnical engineering --- Mechanics --- Foundations --- Soil physics --- Geology --- Details --- Roller compacted concrete. --- Concrete, Roller compacted --- RCC (Roller compacted concrete) --- Rollcrete --- Rolled concrete --- Concrete

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MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have important roles in almost all biological pathways. Deregulated miR expression has been detected in numerous cancers, where miRs act as both oncogene and tumor suppressors. Due to their important roles in tumorigenesis, miRs have been investigated as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and as useful targets for therapeutic intervention. From a therapeutic point of view, two modalities can serve to rectify gene networks in cancer cells. For oncomiRs, a rational means is downregulation through antagomirs. Moreover, observations of the pathological reductions in tumor-suppressive miRs have inspired the concept of “miR replacement therapy” to enhance the amount of these miRs, thereby restoring them to normal levels. However, the clinical applicability of miR-based therapies is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery systems. Therefore, to understand the role of this new class of regulators, we need to identify the mRNA targets regulated by individual miRs as well as to develop specific, efficient, and safe delivery systems for therapeutic miRs.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Breast cancer --- Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- Oxidative stress --- Migration --- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) --- Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) --- PI3K/Akt --- adipokines --- endometrial cancer --- estrogens --- hyperinsulinemia --- insulin --- insulin resistance --- insulin signaling --- insulin-like growth factors --- microRNA --- miRNA --- ovarian cancer --- survival --- prognostic factor --- serum LDH --- blood biomarker --- circulating microRNA --- plasma --- immunotherapy --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- metastatic melanoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- metastasis --- exosome --- bioinformatics analysis --- renal cancer --- RCC --- ccRCC --- meta-analysis --- miRNAs --- normal B-cell development --- B-CLL --- miRNA-transcription factor network --- regulation --- biomarker --- therapy --- prognosis --- diagnosis --- progression --- prediction --- smoking --- non-small cell lung cancer --- methylation --- miR-584-5p --- YKT6 --- snoRNA --- 2′-O-methylation --- pseudouridylation --- malignant melanoma --- cancer stem cell --- stemness --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- colon cancer --- cancer stem cells --- microRNAs --- deformability --- PARP --- replication stress --- targeted therapy --- breast cancer --- circulating biomarkers --- medulloblastoma --- brain tumour --- subgroups --- stem cells --- n/a --- 2'-O-methylation